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📚 Sources | Websites, books, articles |
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🔎 Autocite | Search by title, URL, DOI, ISBN |
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IEEE style is a way of citing your sources by listing them all in a numbered reference list at the end of your paper and referring to them with the corresponding number in the text.
IEEE stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the organization responsible for the guidelines. The style is widely used in engineering, computer science, and other technical disciplines, and it’s followed in IEEE’s publications.
Scribbr’s free citation generator can create accurate IEEE style citations for a wide variety of sources.
The numbered reference page appears at the end of your text, listing full information on all the sources you’ve cited. Sources are numbered in the order in which they were cited.
A reference tends to list the author, title, publisher or publication that contains the source, publication date, and URL and DOI if relevant.
The exact information included in a reference varies based on the source type you’re citing. Different details are relevant and available for different sources.
Explore the tabs to see formats and examples for common source types.
Format | Author initial(s). Last name. “Page title.” Website Name. URL (accessed Month Day, Year). |
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Example | [1] M. McGrath. “Climate change: ‘Sand battery’ could solve green energy’s big problem.” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61996520 (accessed Jul. 5, 2022). |
When some of the information you need for the reference is missing, you can work around this in various ways, depending on what information is not available.
Missing element | What to do | Example |
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No author | Start the reference with the source title instead. | [1] “What is academic writing? | Dos and don’ts for students.” Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/category/academic-writing/ (accessed Nov. 7, 2022). |
No date | Omit this part of the reference. Still include an access date for web sources. | [2] P. Bhandari. “Nominal data | Definition, examples, data collection & analysis.” Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/nominal-data/ (accessed Aug. 11, 2022). |
No title | Describe the source in square brackets, where you would normally write the title. | [3] P. Bhandari. [Article about nominal data]. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/nominal-data/ (accessed Aug. 11, 2022). |
IEEE Citation Generator
In-text citations in IEEE style consist of the number of the relevant reference, presented in square brackets [1]. You should stick to one of these styles, not a mix of the two. Include a citation whenever you quote or paraphrase a source.
Each source has one number. If you cite the same source repeatedly, use the same number each time.
Citations in IEEE can either just be placed at the relevant point in the sentence (e.g., after the author name or after a quote), or they can be incorporated into the sentence structure by treating them like nouns (essentially replacing the name of the author or study).
In either case, multiple sources cited at the same point are separated by commas or by an en dash (for a range of consecutively numbered sources). This punctuation appears outside the brackets.
Parenthetical citations | Citations treated as nouns | |
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Single citation | Oiva [1] suggests that … | [1] suggests that … |
Multiple citations | Multiple sources [3], [5], [10] indicate … | [3], [5], and [10] indicate … |
Range of citations | According to several studies [11]–[14], … | According to [11]–[14], … |
When you quote or paraphrase a specific part of a source, include a page number or range within the brackets to point the reader to the relevant passage.
For sources without page numbers where it’s still important to indicate a specific part, use an alternate locator like a paragraph number. For a short source with no locators, it’s fine to just leave this part out.
Locator | Example |
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No locator | [1] |
Single page | [2, p. 34] |
Multiple pages | [3, pp. 12, 15–22] |
Other locators | [4, para. 6], [5, Chs. 5–7], [6, Fig. 1] |
IEEE Citation Generator
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