APA vs MLA: The key differences
APA and MLA are two of the most commonly used citation styles.
The APA manual (published by the American Psychological Association) is mostly used in social science and education fields.
The MLA handbook (published by the Modern Language Association) is mostly used in humanities fields.
In both styles, a source citation consists of:
- A brief parenthetical citation in the text
- A full reference at the end of the paper
However, citations look slightly different in each style, with different rules for things like title capitalization, author names, and placement of the date.
There are also some differences in layout and formatting. Download the Word templates for a correctly formatted paper in either style.
In-text citations in APA and MLA
Both MLA and APA use parenthetical citations to cite sources in the text. However, they include slightly different information.
An APA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and the publication year. If you’re quoting or paraphrasing a specific passage, you also add a page number.
An MLA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and a page number.
The two styles also have different rules about when to shorten citations with “et al.” Check the table to compare in-text citations for APA and MLA.
| APA | MLA | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 author | (Taylor, 2018, p. 23) | (Taylor 23) |
| 2 authors | (Taylor & Kotler, 2018, p. 23) | (Taylor and Kotler 23) |
| 3–5 authors | First citation: (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018, p. 23) Subsequent citations: (Taylor et al., 2018, p. 23) | (Taylor et al. 23) |
| 6+ authors | (Taylor et al., 2018, p. 23) | (Taylor et al. 23) |
APA reference list vs MLA works cited list
In both APA and MLA style, you list full details of all cited sources on a separate page at the end of your paper. In APA this is usually called the reference list; in MLA it is called the works cited.
The formatting of source entries is different in each style. Using the interactive tool, you can switch between APA and MLA citations for common source types.
You can automatically create your in-text citations and references in either style using the free Scribbr Citation Generators.
APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator
MLA vs APA formatting
The general formatting guidelines for APA and MLA are similar. Both styles recommend:
- 12 pt Times New Roman font
- Double spacing
- 1-inch margins
The main differences between APA format and MLA format involve the title page, running head, and block quoting guidelines.
Title page and header
In APA, a separate cover page is required. It lists the title of your paper, your full name, and the name of your institution, all centred and double-spaced.
In MLA, no title page is required (though your instructor may require you to include one). Instead of a title page, you add a four-line heading on the first page.
The heading is left-aligned and double-spaced, and lists your full name, your instructor’s name, the course title or number, and the submission date. The paper’s title is centred on a new line under the heading.
Running head
Both MLA and APA require a running head to be included on every page.
In MLA, the running head is your last name and the page number, both right-aligned.
An APA running head is the title of your paper (up to the first 50 characters), all in capitals and left-aligned, and the page number right-aligned. On the title page, the words “Running head:” appear before the title.
Block quote formatting
Block quotes are long quotations that are set on a new line and indented as a block, with no quotation marks.
In APA, any quote of 40 words or longer should be formatted as a block quote. In MLA, block quote formatting is used for quotes of more than four lines of prose or more than three lines of verse.
In both styles, the in-text citation is added after the period at the end of a block quote.
The reader quickly becomes familiar with Nick Carraway’s relationship with Jay Gatsby, as the very first mention of the character illustrates both his admiration and disdain:
The reader quickly becomes familiar with Nick Carraway’s relationship with Jay Gatsby, as the very first mention of the character illustrates both his admiration and disdain:
