Turabian style, a version of Chicago style specifically designed for students and researchers, provides formatting guidelines for an annotated bibliography. A typical entry might look like this:
Kenny, Anthony. A New History of Western Philosophy: In Four Parts. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2010.
Broad history of Western philosophy from the ancient Greeks to the present day. Divided into four periods—ancient, medieval, early modern, and modern—each section begins with a chronological overview of the key thinkers, followed by chapters dedicated to each significant subfield in the period: metaphysics, political philosophy, God, etc. Kenny generally provides thorough and fair assessments of the major philosophers’ work, but is pointedly dismissive of Derrida and other critical theorists, significantly weakening the book’s coverage of “postmodern” philosophy.
Published on
October 10, 2019
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
April 9, 2024.
Note: This article mainly covers notes and bibliography style. For author-date style, click here.To automatically generate accurate website citations in Chicago style, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago Citation Generator:
Author first name last name, “Page Title,” Website Name, Month Day, Year, URL.
1. Jack Caulfield, “A Step-by-Step Guide to the Writing Process,” Scribbr, April 24, 2020, https://www.scribbr.com/academic-writing/writing-process/.
Published on
September 25, 2019
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
April 9, 2024.
The information in this article is largely drawn from Turabian style—a version of Chicago style aimed at students and researchers. When writing a paper in Chicago style, these are the guidelines to follow; for the sake of simplicity, the term “Chicago” is used here.
To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago Citation Generator:
Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.
Note that any specific formatting advice from your instructor or faculty overrules these guidelines. Template documents set up in Chicago style are available to download below. Just select the one with the citation style you’re following.
Published on
September 23, 2019
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
April 9, 2024.
A Chicago style bibliography lists the sources cited in your text. Each bibliography entry begins with the author’s name and the title of the source, followed by relevant publication details. The bibliography is alphabetized by authors’ last names.
A bibliography is not mandatory, but is strongly recommended for all but very short papers. It gives your reader an overview of all your sources in one place. Check with your instructor if you’re not sure whether you need a bibliography.
Published on
September 18, 2019
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
September 5, 2024.
The notes and bibliography style is one of two citation options provided by the Chicago Manual of Style. Each time a source is quoted or paraphrased, a superscript number is placed in the text, which corresponds to a footnote or endnote containing details of the source.
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear on a separate page at the end of the text.
Published on
September 12, 2019
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
April 9, 2024.
An in-text citation is used to point readers toward any source you quote, paraphrase or refer to in your writing. The Chicago Manual of Style has two options for in-text citations:
You should choose one of these two citation options and use it consistently throughout your text. The source details are listed in full in a bibliography or reference list at the end. Make sure to pay attention to punctuation (e.g., commas and quotation marks).
You can automatically generate accurate citations using Scribbr’s free Chicago Citation Generator:
Published on
September 6, 2019
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
June 22, 2023.
Thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data. It is usually applied to a set of texts, such as an interview or transcripts. The researcher closely examines the data to identify common themes – topics, ideas and patterns of meaning that come up repeatedly.
There are various approaches to conducting thematic analysis, but the most common form follows a six-step process: familiarization, coding, generating themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and writing up. Following this process can also help you avoid confirmation bias when formulating your analysis.
This process was originally developed for psychology research by Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. However, thematic analysis is a flexible method that can be adapted to many different kinds of research.
Published on
January 19, 2016
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
October 20, 2023.
A hyphen (-) is a punctuation mark used to connect two or more words (or parts of words) to show that they form one unit of sense—e.g., “fast-paced,” “shake-up,” “four-year-old,” “post-punk.”
Mistakes with hyphens are very common: leaving them out when they’re needed, adding them when they’re unnecessary, or putting them in the wrong place. This is mainly because the same series of words may be hyphenated or not depending on the role it plays in a sentence.
This table covers the main guidelines for using hyphens correctly, which are then explained in more detail below.
Rules of hyphenation
Hyphenate …
Don’t hyphenate …
Compound adjectives that come before the noun: “well-known rules”
Compound adjectives that appear after the noun: “The rules are well known.”
Phrasal verbs used as nouns: “There’s been a break-in!”
Phrasal verbs used as verbs: “The burglar broke in through the skylight.”
Some compound nouns, especially if more than two words (check a dictionary): “brother-in-law,” “jack-of-all-trades”
Most compound nouns: “high school,” “business owner,” “apple pie”
Prefixes connected with a numeral or capitalized word, or to avoid confusion with another word: “pre-Columbian,” “mid-1960s,” “re-pair” (meaning “pair again”)
Other prefixes generally: “predate,” “midcentury,” “repair”
NoteA hyphen is not the same as an en dash (–) or em dash (—), both of which are used differently.
