Published on
November 5, 2020
by
Raimo Streefkerk.
Revised on
June 16, 2022.
This article reflects the 7th edition guidelines of the APA Publication Manual.
APA reference entries provide detailed information about a source. They’re listed on the reference page at the end of your paper and correspond to APA in-text citations in the body text.
You can easily generate APA references (and in-text citations) with a citation generator, but it’s helpful to have a general understanding of the composition of an APA reference. It enables you to review your own work and that of any tool you might be using.
Published on
November 4, 2020
by
Raimo Streefkerk.
Revised on
May 19, 2022.
This article reflects the APA 6th edition guidelines. Click here for APA 7th edition guidelines.
An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and year of publication, for example: (Smith, 2020). When quoting, also include page numbers, for example (Smith, 2020, p.170).
Here’s what an in-text citation looks like in a sentence:
The author claims that “plagiarism is becoming a bigger problem” (Smith, 2014, p. 170).
As Smith (2014) has shown, plagiarism is a serious issue for universities.
In 2014, Smith found that plagiarism is becoming increasingly widespread.
Published on
November 4, 2020
by
Raimo Streefkerk.
Revised on
June 15, 2022.
This article reflects the APA 7th edition guidelines. Click here for APA 6th edition guidelines.
In-text citations briefly identify the source of information in the body text. They correspond to a full reference entry at the end of your paper.
APA in-text citations consist of the author’s last name and publication year. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number or range, for example (Parker, 2020, p. 67) or (Johnson, 2017, pp. 39–41).
Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr
Worried about in-text citation errors?
Run a quick check to see how many APA citation errors your paper contains before submitting your work.
In more complex situations, this basic guideline may not be enough. That’s probably why you’re here, right? Luckily, APA created more detailed guidelines that are outlined in this article.
The MLA Handbook provides guidelines for creating MLA citations and formatting academic papers. This quick guide will help you set up your MLA format paper in no time.
Start by applying these MLA format guidelines to your document:
In that time a lot of things have changed. Citing online material has become more common, the use of inclusive and bias-free language is increasingly important, and the technology used by researchers and students has changed.
The 7th edition addresses these changes by providing better and more extensive guidelines. This article outlines the biggest changes that you should know about.
Published on
May 15, 2019
by
Raimo Streefkerk.
Revised on
July 21, 2022.
When testing cause-and-effect relationships, validity can be split up into two types: internal and external validity.
Internal validity refers to the degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors or variables.
External validity refers to the extent to which results from a study can be applied (generalized) to other situations, groups or events.
The validity of a study is largely determined by the experimental design. To ensure the validity of the tools or tests you use, you also have to consider measurement validity.
Published on
May 3, 2019
by
Raimo Streefkerk.
Revised on
May 4, 2022.
Your dissertation is finally finished. It’s been professionally proofread and checked with a solid plagiarism checker. The final step is printing your dissertation, which means choosing between:
Types of binding
Colour vs. black & white
Single vs. double-sided
Paper type and thickness
You also need to decide which printing and binding service to use. This independent article explains all options and helps you make the right decisions.
Published on
April 25, 2019
by
Raimo Streefkerk.
Revised on
May 6, 2022.
Transcribing is converting speech to text word for word. Transcribing is a common practice when conducting interviews because it enables you to perform analysis.
