Turabian is a version of Chicago style that’s specifically designed for students and researchers. If you’ve been told to follow Chicago style when writing your academic research paper, thesis, or dissertation, it’s usually the Turabian guidelines that will be most useful to you.
Continue reading: Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting
In Chicago notes and bibliography style, it’s recommended to just cite images in notes, omitting them from the bibliography. List an image in your bibliography only if you cite it frequently, if it’s essential to your argument, or if your university requires you to.
Follow the format shown below to create a note and—if necessary—a bibliography entry for an image viewed online. Make sure to cite the page where the image is hosted, not, for example, the Google search results where you found it.
| Chicago bibliography | Author last name, First name. Image Title. Format description. Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL.
Cheng, Minder. Double-Crested Cormorant. Photograph. Flickr. March 21, 2021. https://flic.kr/p/2kQcKZ3. |
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| Full note | Author first name Last name, Image Title, Format description, Website Name, Month Day, Year, URL.
1. Minder Cheng, Double-Crested Cormorant, photograph, Flickr, March 21, 2021, https://flic.kr/p/2kQcKZ3. |
| Short note | Author last name, Shortened Image Title.
2. Cheng, Double-Crested Cormorant. |
Continue reading: How to Cite an Image in Chicago Style | Format & Examples
In Chicago notes and bibliography style, a bibliography entry for a movie viewed online (e.g., on a streaming platform like Netflix) lists the director as the author, with the label “director” after their name. State the length of the movie in hours and minutes, and include a URL at the end.
In a note, start with the movie title, followed by the director’s name. You can point the reader to a specific scene or moment in the film using timestamps.
| Chicago bibliography | Director last name, First name, director. Movie Title. Production Company or Distributor, Year. Movie length. URL.
Weir, Peter, director. The Truman Show. Paramount Pictures, 1998. 1 hr., 43 min. https://www.netflix.com/watch/11819086. |
| Full note | Movie Title, directed by Director first name Last name (Production Company or Distributor, Year), Timestamp(s), URL.
1. The Truman Show, directed by Peter Weir (Paramount Pictures, 1998), 1:31:15. https://www.netflix.com/watch/11819086. |
| Short note | Shortened Movie Title, Timestamp(s).
2. Truman Show, 1:11:35 to 1:13:59. |
Continue reading: How to Cite a Movie in Chicago Style | Format & Examples
In Chicago notes and bibliography style, it’s recommended to cite YouTube videos (and other online videos, except for movies) only in your notes and omit them from the bibliography.
List a video in your bibliography if it’s crucial to your argument, you cite it often, or your university requires you to.
Including the video length is optional. In a note, a specific timestamp or range may be included to show the relevant location in the video. Pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., periods or commas) in your citations.
| Chicago bibliography | Author last name, First name. “Video Title.” Additional information. Month Day, Year. Format, Video length. URL.
Liu, Jessica. “How to Write a Strong Essay Conclusion.” Scribbr. February 8, 2021. Educational video, 3:50. https://youtu.be/2UElC_YZ0Eo. |
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| Full note | Author first name Last name, “Video Title,” Additional information, Month Day, Year, Format, Video length or Timestamp(s), URL.
1. Jessica Liu, “How to Write a Strong Essay Conclusion,” Scribbr, February 8, 2021, educational video, 0:28 to 0:55, https://youtu.be/2UElC_YZ0Eo. |
| Short note | Author last name, “Shortened Video Title,” Timestamp(s).
2. Liu, “Essay Conclusion,” 0:56. |
If you use author-date style instead, any videos cited must appear in the reference list.
Continue reading: Citing a YouTube Video in Chicago Style | Format & Examples
In Chicago notes and bibliography style, the format for citing a speech or lecture depends on whether you viewed it in person or accessed it in a recording or transcript.
Continue reading: Citing a Speech in Chicago style | Format & Examples
The format for citing an interview in Chicago notes and bibliography style depends on whether the interview is published or unpublished. An unpublished interview is one you conducted yourself or found in an archive; all other interviews are considered published.
Make sure to pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas, periods) in notes and citations for both unpublished and published interviews.
Continue reading: How to Cite an Interview in Chicago Style | Format & Examples
In Chicago notes and bibliography style, it’s recommended to just cite newspaper articles in footnotes and omit them from the bibliography. Only list an article in the bibliography if it’s essential to your argument, if you cite it frequently, or if your university requires you to.
No page numbers are used in notes or bibliography entries for newspaper articles. Add a URL if you consulted the article online. Make sure to pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas and quotation marks) in your notes and citations.
| Chicago bibliography | Author last name, First name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Name, Month Day, Year. URL.
Gibbons-Neff, Thomas, and Mujib Mashal. “U.S. Is Quietly Reducing Its Troop Force in Afghanistan.” New York Times, October 21, 2019. https://nyti.ms/31xXNQb. |
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| Full note | Author first name Last name, “Article Title,” Newspaper Name, Month Day, Year, URL.
1. Thomas Gibbons-Neff and Mujib Mashal, “U.S. Is Quietly Reducing Its Troop Force in Afghanistan,” New York Times, October 21, 2019, https://nyti.ms/31xXNQb. |
| Short note | Author last name, “Shortened Article Title.”
2. Gibbons-Neff and Mashal, “U.S. Reducing Troop Force.” |
In author-date style, you should always include any newspaper articles you cite in your reference list.
Continue reading: Citing a Newspaper Article in Chicago Style | Format & Examples
The basic formats for citing a book in a Chicago footnote and a bibliography entry are as follows:
| Chicago bibliography | Author last name, first name. Book Title: Subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. London: Penguin, 1997. |
| Full note | Author first name last name, Book Title: Subtitle (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s).
1. Jean Rhys, Wide Sargasso Sea (London: Penguin, 1997), 34. |
| Short note | Author last name, Shortened Book Title, Page number(s).
2. Rhys, Wide Sargasso Sea, 54–55. |
Short notes always follow the same basic format. Full notes and bibliography entries contain additional information if the book specifies an edition, translator, or editor, and follow a specific format when citing an individual chapter in a book.
Note that book citations look slightly different in Chicago author-date style. In both cases, make sure to pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas, quotation marks, and periods) in your notes and citations.
Continue reading: How to Cite a Book in Chicago Style | Format & Examples
The most common citation styles are APA and MLA. To cite a source in these styles, you need a brief in-text citation and a full reference.
Use the interactive tool to understand how a citation is structured and see examples for common source types.
As well as switching between styles and sources, you can explore how a citation looks when there are multiple authors, different editions, no publication date, and other common scenarios.
If you’re still not sure how to cite your source correctly, dive into our comprehensive articles. For each source type, we provide a range of examples in APA, MLA, and Chicago style.
To cite a published interview from a newspaper, you need an in-text citation and a corresponding reference listing the interviewer’s name, the publication date, the interview title, the name of the newspaper, and a URL if the article was consulted online.
The exact format varies across the different citation styles: APA, MLA, and Chicago style.
When referring to an interview you conducted yourself as part of your research, you generally don’t need to include a formal citation.
Continue reading: How to Cite an Interview | APA, MLA & Chicago Style