Sitemap

Pages

• Scribbr Knowledge Base
• The Team
  • Partners
  • Who are Scribbr editors?
    • Becoming a Scribbr editor
      • Scribbr Application
      • Scribbr Academy
• Frequently asked questions
• Contact
• Legal
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms of use
  • Privacy Policy Scribbr Academic Assistant
• Scribbr Plagiarism Checker
  • Scribbr Plagiarism Checker Guide
  • Own Sources Checker guide
• Freelance native English editor
  • Scribbr language quiz
• APA Citation Generator
• Academic Proofreading & Editing services
  • Thesis Editing Service
  • Proofreading & Editing Rates
  • How it works
    • Process your editor’s changes and feedback
  • Example Proofreading & Editing
  • Essay Editing Service
  • Scribbr Improvement Model
  • Dissertation Editing Services
  • Paper editing in Spanish, French and German
  • Read 1,765 excellent reviews and experiences from Scribbr customers!
  • Paper Editing Service
  • Personal statement editing
  • APA editing services
• Scribbr’s 100% happiness guarantee
• Jobs
• Status of our proofreading services
• Overview of jobs for college students
• APA Citation Generator V1
• MLA Citation Generator

Articles

• Applying to graduate school
  • How to write your graduate school resume
  • Statement of purpose for graduate school
  • How to write a personal statement for graduate school
• Statistics
  • How to find the range of a data set
  • Measures of variability
  • An introduction to inferential statistics
  • What is a ratio scale of measurement?
  • Interval data: definition, examples, and analysis
  • T-distribution: what it is and how to use it
  • Ordinal data: examples, collection, and analysis
  • Understanding and calculating the confidence interval
  • How to collect and analyze nominal data
  • Central tendency: Mean, median and mode
  • Test statistics explained
  • Levels of measurement: Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
  • The p-value explained
  • An introduction to descriptive statistics
  • An introduction to the Akaike information criterion
  • An introduction to the two-way ANOVA
  • An introduction to the one-way ANOVA
  • ANOVA in R: A step-by-step guide
  • A step-by-step guide to linear regression in R
  • An introduction to multiple linear regression
  • An introduction to simple linear regression
  • An introduction to t-tests
  • Statistical tests: which one should you use?
• Chicago Style
  • How to cite from the Bible in Chicago style
  • How to cite a newspaper article in Chicago style
  • How to cite lectures and speeches in Chicago style
  • How to cite a journal article in Chicago style
  • Citing sources in Chicago author-date style
  • How to cite an interview in Chicago style
  • How to cite a YouTube video in Turabian/Chicago style
  • How to create an annotated bibliography in Turabian/Chicago Style
  • How to cite a website in Chicago style
  • How to create a title page in Turabian/Chicago style
  • How to cite a book in Chicago style
  • How to format a paper in Chicago style
  • How to create a Chicago style bibliography
  • Citing sources with Chicago style footnotes
  • Chicago in-text citations
  • Chicago style citation examples
• Research paper
  • How to write a paragraph
  • How to write topic sentences
  • Research paper outline
• MLA Style
  • MLA format for academic papers and essays
  • How to cite a lecture in MLA
  • MLA footnotes and endnotes
  • Creating an MLA heading
  • How to cite a poem in MLA
  • How to cite an interview in MLA
  • How to cite a movie in MLA
  • The Works Cited in MLA style
  • How to cite a website in MLA
  • A complete guide to MLA in-text citations
  • How to cite a book in MLA
  • How to cite a YouTube video in MLA
  • How to cite a journal article in MLA style
  • MLA titles: formatting and capitalization rules
  • The MLA author element
  • How to cite a play in MLA
  • Block quoting in MLA style
• Methodology
  • An introduction to cluster sampling
  • An introduction to simple random sampling
  • An introduction to quasi-experimental designs
  • What is a double-blind study?
  • Control groups in scientific research
  • Designing and analyzing Likert scales
  • A guide to operationalization
  • An introduction to qualitative research
  • An introduction to quantitative research
  • A step-by-step guide to data collection
  • Understanding confounding variables
  • Independent and dependent variables
  • Sampling bias: What is it and why does it matter?
  • Population vs sample: what’s the difference?
  • Understanding external validity
  • What is a cross-sectional study?
  • What is a longitudinal study?
  • Understanding internal validity
  • A guide to ethnography
  • A guide to experimental design
  • Understanding types of variables
  • A step-by-step guide to hypothesis testing
  • A quick guide to textual analysis
  • An introduction to sampling methods
  • The four types of validity
  • How to do thematic analysis
  • What is discourse analysis?
  • How to do survey research
  • Types of reliability and how to measure them
  • What is content analysis and how can you use it in your research?
  • Reliability vs validity: what’s the difference?
  • The main types of research compared
  • Internal vs external validity
  • Descriptive research
  • How to do a case study
  • Correlational research
  • How to transcribe an interview
  • Inductive vs. deductive reasoning
  • Qualitative vs. quantitative research
• Language rules
  • Dangling modifiers and how to fix them
  • Misplaced modifiers and how to fix them
  • A quick guide to proofreading
  • Recognizing and using uncountable nouns
  • Apostrophes (’)
  • Em dashes and en dashes (— vs –)
  • Semicolons (;)
  • Colons (:)
  • Using conjunctions
  • Commas (,)
  • Quotation marks (“”)
  • An introduction to modifiers
  • Choosing the right prepositions
  • Using parallel structure in writing
  • Subject-verb agreement
  • Capitalization rules
  • Definite and indefinite articles (the/a/an)
  • Hyphens (-)
  • Common English mistakes in academic writing
  • Common word choice confusions
  • Common mistakes in sentence structure
  • Phrasal verbs
  • Parentheses ()
  • Question marks (?)
  • Common punctuation mistakes in academic writing
  • Verb tenses in academic writing
• Academic writing
  • Transition words and phrases in academic writing
  • A step-by-step guide to the writing process
  • Active and passive voice
  • Using pronouns in academic writing
  • How to avoid repetition and redundancy
  • How to write effective headings
  • Shorten your abstract or summary
  • Punctuation in citations
  • Taboo words in academic writing
  • Capitalization in Titles and Headings
  • How to write more concisely
  • Writing numbers: words and numerals
  • The main differences between US and UK English
  • Language mistakes in quotes
  • Using abbreviations and acronyms
  • Common grammatical problems with clarity and logic
  • 47 phrasal verbs and their one-word substitutions
  • Word Order Rules: Adjectives
  • Word Order Rules: Adverbials
  • Word Order Rules in English
  • Exclamation points (!)
  • Forging good titles in academic writing
  • Myth: It’s an error to split infinitives
  • Myth: It’s a stylistic mistake to end a sentence with a preposition
  • Myth: Paragraph transitions should be placed at the ends of paragraphs
  • Myth: It’s incorrect to start a sentence with “because”
  • Myth: It’s incorrect to start a sentence with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so)
  • Writing myths: The reasons we get bad advice
  • Avoid rhetorical questions
  • Avoid informal writing
  • Be conscious of your adverb placement
  • Use serial commas
  • Quick guide to the use of first-person pronouns in academic work
• Starting the research process
  • How to create a research design
  • How to write a research proposal
  • How to write a hypothesis
  • Research question examples
  • Developing strong research questions
  • How to define your research problem
  • How to write a problem statement
  • Choosing a dissertation topic
  • Things you should avoid when writing your PhD research proposal
  • Problem statement example
  • Relevance of your dissertation topic
• Dissertation
  • Dissertation binding and printing
  • How to write a thesis conclusion
  • How to write a discussion section
  • Dissertation table of contents
  • Dissertation acknowledgements
  • How to write an abstract
  • How to write a dissertation introduction
  • How to write a research methodology
  • How to write a literature review
  • Dissertation title page
  • Purpose and structure of an advisory report
  • Recommendations for a client
  • Writing up your results in a thesis or dissertation
  • Example of a dissertation abstract
  • Conceptual framework: Mediating variables
  • Conceptual framework: Moderating variables
  • Conceptual framework
  • Tips for writing an overview of your dissertation
  • Sample theoretical framework of a dissertation
  • Developing your theoretical framework
  • Figure and table lists in your dissertation
  • Example of a dissertation preface
  • Overview of thesis databases
  • Examples of prize-winning theses and dissertations
  • Glossary of a dissertation
  • List of abbreviations in the dissertation
  • Information page of the dissertation
  • Tense tendencies in theses and dissertations
  • Preface of the dissertation
  • An appendix to a dissertation
• Essay
  • The main types of essay
  • How to write a rhetorical analysis
  • How to write an essay outline
  • How to compare and contrast in an essay
  • How to write a descriptive essay
  • How to write a narrative essay
  • How to write an argumentative essay
  • How to write an expository essay
  • Transition sentences in essays
  • A step-by-step guide to literary analysis
  • How to write an essay introduction
  • How long is an essay?
  • How to conclude an essay
  • Thesis statement
  • Essay damage control: Managing a broken argument
  • Interactive example of a well-structured essay
  • How to revise an essay
  • Academic essay writing checklist
  • Choosing your essay topic
  • Organizational templates for academic essays
  • Organizational tips for academic essays
  • Kinds of argumentative academic essays and their purposes
  • Tips on working through the body of an academic essay
• Tips
  • How to make and sell study notes
  • Is professional proofreading allowed at a US university?
  • Use these checklists to improve your thesis or dissertation
  • Tables in your dissertation
  • Dissertation layout and formatting
  • Email contact with your dissertation supervisor
  • Sample emails to your dissertation supervisor
  • How do you incorporate an interview into a dissertation?
  • How do you determine the quality of a journal article?
  • How do you read a scientific article?
  • Influential academic journals
• APA Style
  • How to present tables and figures in APA Style
  • Creating an APA Style table of contents
  • APA Manual 7th edition: The most notable changes
  • APA reference page
  • A complete guide to APA in-text citation
  • How to write and format an APA abstract
  • How to format and insert the APA running head
  • APA title page (cover page)
  • APA format for academic papers and essays
  • How to cite an online article with no author, date or title in APA style
  • Using tables and figures from other sources in APA style
  • Citing secondary sources in APA style
  • How to use APA style abbreviations in your dissertation
  • APA headings and subheadings
  • Alphabetizing the reference list according to the APA rules
  • Exceptions to citing in-text according to the APA rules
  • Intranet sources according to the APA Style
  • Quoting according to the APA rules
• APA citation examples
  • How to cite an image in APA Style
  • How to cite a YouTube video in APA
  • How to cite a dictionary or encyclopedia in APA Style
  • How to cite a movie in APA
  • Personal communications in APA style
  • How to cite a website in APA style
  • How to cite a newspaper article in APA Style
  • How to cite a book in APA
  • How to cite a journal article in APA Style
  • Example of APA Style: Survey
  • Example APA Style: Patent
  • Example APA Style: Conference paper
  • Example APA Style: Press release
  • Example APA Style: Oration
  • Example APA Style: Commercial Radio/TV
  • Example APA Style: Radio/Tv-show
  • Example APA Style: Forum post
  • Example APA Style: Dissertation of another student
  • Example APA Style: Statistic database
  • Example APA Style: Apps
  • Example APA Style: Software
  • Example APA Style: Twitter
  • Example APA Style: Facebook
  • Example APA Style: PDF document
  • Example APA Style: Internal documents (Intranet)
  • Example APA Style: Lecture slides/ handouts
  • Example APA Style: Report
  • How to cite an interview in APA style
• Citing sources
  • How and when to use et al.
  • APA vs MLA: The key differences
  • How to cite Wikipedia
  • The #1 alternative to BibMe Citation Generator
  • What is a DOI?
  • List of credible sources for research
  • How to use footnotes and endnotes
  • CRAAP test: evaluating source credibility
  • Primary and secondary sources
  • In-text citation in APA, MLA and Chicago
  • When and how to summarize sources
  • How to block quote: a step-by-step guide
  • How to paraphrase sources
  • How to quote sources
  • Citation styles guide: choosing a style and citing correctly
• Plagiarism
  • How to avoid plagiarism
  • Free plagiarism checker comparison
  • Common knowledge: to cite or not to cite?
  • The best plagiarism checkers of 2019 [in-depth comparison]
  • What are the consequences of plagiarism in college?
  • What is self-plagiarism and how can you avoid it?
  • Types of plagiarism